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  • Large Eddy Simulations of Tall Vegetated Canopies: Homogeneous Canopies, Part 3

    Description:
    The simulations associated with this dataset form part of a broader investigation into the effects of heterogeneity in tall vegetated canopies, designed to emulate structural and aerodynamic characteristics of the Amazon rainforest. All cases are forced by a geostrophic wind of 9 m s⁻¹ under neutrally stratified conditions. The case "Hom_lim_9mps" features an almost non-existent vegetation density, with corresponding LAI values of 0.14, while the case “Empty_9mps” refers to a bare soil surface with no vegetation. Simulations were conducted using a Large-Eddy Simulation (LES) domain of size (Lx, Ly, Lz) = (2π, 2π, 1) km, where x, y, and z denote the streamwise, spanwise, and vertical directions. The computational grid consists of (Nx, Ny, Nz) = (256,256,256) points, yielding a spatial resolution of (Δx, Δy, Δz) = (24.5, 24.5, 3.9) m. An aerodynamic roughness length of z0 = 0.01 m is imposed at the surface. Time integration employs a fixed time step of Δt = 0.05 s. Simulations are spun up for 25 h, and data are sampled over the final 5 h of integration. To facilitate data access, a MATLAB script (main_load_snapshots.m) and a supporting function (load_snaps.m) are provided. These scripts load the binary files and organize them into 4D arrays for subsequent analysis. and See README file for data retrieval instructions.
    Keyword:
    Vegetated canopies, Large Eddy Simulations, Instantaneous velocity fields, Quadrant Analysis, and Roughness Sublayer Flow Statistics
    Subject:
    Turbulence, Atmospheric science, and Computational fluid dynamics
    Creator:
    Salmaso, Giulia and Calaf, Marc
    Owner:
    Kaylee Alexander
    Based Near Label Tesim:
    Salt Lake City, Utah, United States
    Language:
    binary
    Date Uploaded:
    06/06/2025
    Date Modified:
    06/10/2025
    Date Created:
    2022-01-01 to 2025-05-29
    License:
    CC BY NC - Allows others to use and share your data non-commercially and with attribution.
    Resource Type:
    Dataset
    Identifier:
    https://doi.org/10.7278/S5d-srwd-k33d

  • Large Eddy Simulations of Tall Vegetated Canopies: Homogeneous Canopies, Part 2

    Description:
    The simulation associated with this dataset form part of a broader investigation into the effects of heterogeneity in tall vegetated canopies, designed to emulate structural and aerodynamic characteristics of the Amazon rainforest. This simulation is forced with streamwise normalized pressure gradient of (1/ρ) (dp/dx) = 1 , where the friction velocity u* = 0.58 m/s and the boundary layer height zi = 1000 m are used as normalizing variables (i.e., dp/dx ~ (u*)^2/zi), and ρ refers to the hydrostatic density. Neutrally stratified conditions are assumed. The homogeneous canopy is characterized by a Leaf Area Index (LAI) of 5.36. This simulation shares the same canopy geometry as the case Hom_eq_gaps_9mps in Deposit 1; however, it differs in that it is driven by a prescribed pressure gradient rather than by geostrophic forcing. The simulations was conducted using a Large-Eddy Simulation (LES) domain of size (Lx, Ly, Lz) = (2π, 2π, 1) km, where x, y, and z denote the streamwise, spanwise, and vertical directions. The computational grid consists of (Nx, Ny, Nz) = (256,256,256) points, yielding a spatial resolution of (Δx, Δy, Δz) = (24.5, 24.5, 3.9) m. An aerodynamic roughness length of z0 = 0.01 m is imposed at the surface. Time integration employs a fixed time step of Δt = 0.02 s. Simulations are spun up for 25 h, and data are sampled over the final 5 h of integration. To facilitate data access, a MATLAB script (main_load_snapshots.m) and a supporting function (load_snaps.m) are provided. These scripts load the binary files and organize them into 4D arrays for subsequent analysis. and See README file for data retrieval instructions.
    Keyword:
    Vegetated canopies, Large Eddy Simulations, Instantaneous velocity fields, Quadrant Analysis, and Roughness Sublayer Flow Statistics
    Subject:
    Turbulence, Atmospheric science, and Computational fluid dynamics
    Creator:
    Salmaso, Giulia and Calaf, Marc
    Owner:
    Kaylee Alexander
    Based Near Label Tesim:
    Salt Lake City, Utah, United States
    Language:
    binary
    Date Uploaded:
    06/06/2025
    Date Modified:
    06/10/2025
    Date Created:
    2022-01-01 to 2025-05-29
    License:
    CC BY NC - Allows others to use and share your data non-commercially and with attribution.
    Resource Type:
    Dataset
    Identifier:
    https://doi.org/10.7278/S5d-bg3w-c2a3

  • Large Eddy Simulations of Tall Vegetated Canopies: Homogeneous Canopies, Part 1

    Description:
    The simulations associated with this dataset form part of a broader investigation into the effects of heterogeneity in tall vegetated canopies, designed to emulate structural and aerodynamic characteristics of the Amazon rainforest. All cases are forced by a geostrophic wind of 9 m s⁻¹ under neutrally stratified conditions. The homogeneous canopy cases differ in their vertical Leaf Area Density (LAD) distributions. Specifically, the case "Hom_Amazon_9mps" represents the canonical Amazon forest, characterized by a canopy height of hc = 39 m and a total Leaf Area Index (LAI) of 7.05. The canopy height is fixed across all cases. The remaining homogeneous configurations, i.e. "Hom_eq_gaps_9mps" and "Hom_eq_patches_9mps" feature a reduced LAD profile, with a corresponding LAI value of 5.36. Simulations were conducted using a Large-Eddy Simulation (LES) domain of size (Lx, Ly, Lz) = (2π, 2π, 1) km, where x, y, and z denote the streamwise, spanwise, and vertical directions. The computational grid consists of (Nx, Ny, Nz) = (256,256,256) points, yielding a spatial resolution of (Δx, Δy, Δz) = (24.5, 24.5, 3.9) m. An aerodynamic roughness length of z0 = 0.01 m is imposed at the surface. Time integration employs a fixed time step of Δt = 0.05 s. Simulations are spun up for 25 h, and data are sampled over the final 5 h of integration. To facilitate data access, a MATLAB script (main_load_snapshots.m) and a supporting function (load_snaps.m) are provided. These scripts load the binary files and organize them into 4D arrays for subsequent analysis. and See README file for data retrieval instructions.
    Keyword:
    Vegetated canopies, Large Eddy Simulations, Instantaneous velocity fields, Quadrant Analysis, and Roughness Sublayer Flow Statistics
    Subject:
    Turbulence, Atmospheric science, and Computational fluid dynamics
    Creator:
    Salmaso, Giulia and Calaf, Marc
    Owner:
    Kaylee Alexander
    Based Near Label Tesim:
    Salt Lake City, Utah, United States
    Language:
    binary
    Date Uploaded:
    06/05/2025
    Date Modified:
    06/10/2025
    Date Created:
    2022-01-01 to 2025-05-29
    License:
    CC BY NC - Allows others to use and share your data non-commercially and with attribution.
    Resource Type:
    Dataset
    Identifier:
    https://doi.org/10.7278/S5d-r15r-bdqq

  • Metadata for the High Resolution Rapid Refresh Model Archives

    Description:
    Weather-related research often requires synthesizing vast amounts of data that need archival solutions that are both economical and viable during and past the lifetime of the project. Public cloud computing services (e.g., from Amazon, Microsoft, or Google) or private clouds managed by research institutions are providing object data storage systems appropriate for long-term archives of such large geophysical data sets. , Current Status: Our research group no longer needs to maintain archives of High Resolution Rapid Refresh (HRRR) model output at the University of Utah since complete publicly-accessible archives of HRRR model output are now available from the Google Cloud Platform and Amazon Web Services (AWS) as part of the NOAA Open Data Program. Google and AWS store the HRRR model output in GRIB2 format, a file type that efficiently stores hundreds of two-dimensional variable fields for a single valid time. Despite the highly compressible nature of GRIB2 files, they are often on the order of several hundred MB each, making high-volume input/output applications challenging due to the memory and compute resources needed to parse these files. With support from the Amazon Sustainability Data Initiative, our group is now creating and maintaining HRRR model output in an optimized format, Zarr, in a publicly-accessible S3 bucket- hrrrzarr. HRRR-Zarr contains sets for each model run of analysis and forecast files sectioned into 96 small chunks for every variable. The structure of the HRRR-Zarr files are designed to allow users the flexibility to access only the data they need through selecting subdomains and parameters of interest without the overhead that comes from accessing numerous GRIB2 files. , and History: This effort began in 2015 to illustrate the use of a private cloud object store developed by the Center for High Performance Computing (CHPC) at the University of Utah. We began archiving thousands of two-dimensional gridded fields (each one containing over 1.9 million values over the contiguous United States) from the High-Resolution Rapid Refresh (HRRR) data assimilation and forecast modeling system. The archive has been used for retrospective analyses of meteorological conditions during high-impact weather events, assessing the accuracy of the HRRR forecasts, and providing initial and boundary conditions for research simulations. The archive has been accessible interactively and through automated download procedures for researchers at other institutions that can be tailored by the user to extract individual two-dimensional grids from within the highly compressed files. Over a thousand users have voluntarily registered to use the HRRR archive at the University of Utah. Our archive has grown to over 130 Tbytes of model output but we no longer need to continue that effort since the GRIB2 files are available now via Google and AWS. As mentioned above, we now provide much of the same information in an alternative format that is appropriate particularly for machine-learning applications.
    Keyword:
    data assimilation, Zarr, weather, forecasts, high resolution rapid refresh, and numerical weather prediction
    Subject:
    atmospheric science
    Creator:
    Horel, John and Blaylock, Brian
    Contributor:
    University of Utah Center for High Performance Computing, NOAA Earth Systems Research Laboratory, Amazon Open Data Program, and NOAA Environmental Modeling Center
    Depositor:
    BRIAN MCBRIDE
    Owner:
    JOHN HOREL
    Based Near Label Tesim:
    Alaska, Alaska, United States and United States, , United States
    Language:
    binary and English
    Date Uploaded:
    07/10/2019
    Date Modified:
    04/18/2024
    Date Created:
    2015-04-18 to 2019-07-10
    License:
    CC BY – Allows others to use and share your data, even commercially, with attribution.
    Resource Type:
    Dataset
    Identifier:
    https://dx.doi.org/10.7278/S5JQ0Z5B