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  • Corrected Liquid Water Path Data and mascpy code for "Graupel Precipitating from Thin Arctic Clouds with Liquid Water Paths less than 50 g m-2"

    Description:
    Thin boundary layer Arctic mixed-phase clouds are generally thought to precipitate pristine and aggregate ice crystals. Here we present automated surface photographic measurements showing that only 35\% of precipitation particles exhibit negligible riming and that graupel particles $\geq1\,\rm{mm}$ in diameter commonly fall from clouds with liquid water paths less than $50\,\rm{g\,m^{-2}}$. A simple analytical formulation predicts that significant riming enhancement can occur in updrafts with speeds typical of Arctic clouds, and observations show that such conditions are favored by weak temperature inversions and strong radiative cooling at cloud top. However, numerical simulations suggest that a mean updraft speed of $0.75\,\rm{m\,s^{-1}}$ would need to be sustained for over one hour. Graupel can efficiently remove moisture and aerosols from the boundary layer. The causes and impacts of Arctic riming enhancement remain to be determined.
    Subject:
    Atmospheric sciences, Computational research, and Arctic research
    Creator:
    Garrett, Timothy J. and Fitch, Kyle E.
    Contributor:
    Shkurko, Konstantin , Talaei, Ahmad, Gaustad, Krista, and Maahn, Maximilian
    Owner:
    BRIAN MCBRIDE
    Based Near Label Tesim:
    Oliktok Point, Alaska, United States
    Language:
    English
    Date Uploaded:
    06/04/2020
    Date Modified:
    07/21/2020
    Date Created:
    Code creation dates from 20161208 to 20180609 and Processed between 20170627 and 20190320
    Resource Type:
    Software or Program Code and Dataset
    Identifier:
    https://doi.org/10.7278/s50dva5jk2pd

  • MATLAB code for "Arctic observations and numerical simulations of surface wind effects on Multi-Angle Snowflake Camera measurements"

    Description:
    Ground-based measurements of frozen precipitation are heavily influenced by interactions of surface winds with gauge-shield geometry. The Multi-Angle Snowflake Camera (MASC), which photographs hydrometeors in free-fall from three different angles while simultaneously measuring their fall speed, has been used in the field at multiple mid-latitude and polar locations both with and without wind shielding. Here we present an analysis of Arctic field observations — with and without a Belfort double Alter shield — and compare the results to computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations of the airflow and corresponding particle trajectories around the unshielded MASC. MASC-measured fall speeds compare well with Ka-band Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) Zenith Radar (KAZR) mean Doppler velocities only when winds are light (< 5 m/s) and the MASC is shielded. MASC-measured fall speeds that do not match KAZR measured velocities tend to fall below a threshold value that increases approximately linearly with wind speed but is generally < 0.5 m/s. For those events with wind speeds < 1.5 m/s, hydrometeors fall with an orientation angle mode of 12 degrees from the horizontal plane, and large, low-density aggregates are as much as five times more likely to be observed. Simulations in the absence of a wind shield show a separation of flow at the upstream side of the instrument, with an upward velocity component just above the aperture, which decreases the mean particle fall speed by 55% (74%) for a wind speed of 5 m/s (10 m/s). We conclude that accurate MASC observations of the microphysical, orientation, and fall speed characteristics of snow particles require shielding by a double wind fence and restriction of analysis to events where winds are light (< 5 m/s). Hydrometeors do not generally fall in still air, so adjustments to these properties' distributions within natural turbulence remain to be determined.
    Subject:
    Meteorology and Atmospheric Science
    Creator:
    Talaei, Ahmad, Hang, Chaoxun, Fitch, Kyle E., and Garrett, Timothy J.
    Owner:
    Language:
    English
    Date Uploaded:
    07/20/2020
    Date Modified:
    12/14/2020
    Date Created:
    20120521 to 20200719
    Resource Type:
    Software or Program Code
    Identifier:
    https://doi.org/10.7278/S50DQTX9K7QY

  • Dataset for: Mass and density of individual frozen hydrometeors and A differential emissivity imaging technique for measuring hydrometeor mass and type

    Description:
    The Differential Emissivity Imaging Disdrometer (DEID) is a new evaporation-based optical and thermal instrument designed to measure the mass, size, density, and type of individual hydrometeors and their bulk properties. Hydrometeor spatial dimensions are measured on a heated metal plate using an infrared camera by exploiting the much higher thermal emissivity of water compared with metal. As a melted hydrometeor evaporates, its mass can be directly related to the loss of heat from the hotplate assuming energy conservation across the hydrometeor. The heat-loss required to evaporate a hydrometeor is found to be independent of environmental conditions including ambient wind velocity, moisture level, and temperature. The difference in heat loss for snow versus rain for a given mass offers a method for discriminating precipitation phase. The DEID measures hydrometeors at sampling frequencies up to 1 Hz with masses and effective diameters greater than 1 µg and 200 µm, respectively, determined by the size of the hotplate and the thermal camera specifications. Measurable snow water equivalent (SWE) precipitation rates range from 0.001 to 200 mm h−1, as validated against a standard weighing bucket. Preliminary field-experiment measurements of snow and rain from the winters of 2019 and 2020 provided continuous automated measurements of precipitation rate, snow density, and visibility. Measured hydrometeor size distributions agree well with canonical results described in the literature. and A new precipitation sensor, the Differential Emissivity Imaging Disdrometer (DEID), is used to provide the first continuous measurements of the mass, diameter, and density of individual hydrometeors. The DEID consists of an infrared camera pointed at a heated aluminum plate. It exploits the contrasting thermal emissivity of water and metal to determine individual particle mass by assuming that energy is conserved during the transfer of heat from the plate to the particle during evaporation. Particle density is determined from a combination of particle mass and morphology. A Multi-Angle Snowflake Camera (MASC) was deployed alongside the DEID to provide refined imagery of particle size and shape. Broad consistency is found between derived mass-diameter and density-diameter relationships and those obtained in prior studies. However, DEID measurements show a generally weaker dependence with size for hydrometeor density and a stronger dependence for aggregate snowflake mass.
    Keyword:
    multi-angle snowflake camera, differential emissivity imaging disdrometer, snow, density , mass, disdrometer, DEID, MASC, hydrometeors, and atmospheric science
    Subject:
    Atmospheric Science
    Creator:
    Rees, Karlie N., Pardyjak, Eric R., Garrett, Timothy J., and Singh, Dhiraj K.
    Contributor:
    Blackmer, Alex, Donovan, Spencer, Reaburn, Allan, and Roper, Peter
    Owner:
    Karlie Rees
    Based Near Label Tesim:
    Red Butte Canyon, Utah, United States
    Language:
    English
    Date Uploaded:
    08/18/2021
    Date Modified:
    12/08/2023
    Date Created:
    2020-01-14 to 2020-02-06
    License:
    CC BY – Allows others to use and share your data, even commercially, with attribution.
    Resource Type:
    Software or Program Code and Dataset
    Identifier:
    https://doi.org/10.7278/S50D-SPT1-FNHH